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UPSA

Technical

Geology, chemistry and development data

Data from the SLR Consulting Australia Pty Ltd Competent Person's Report (26 November 2025) and ALS Brisbane laboratory analysis.

01 · Geology

Pilliga Sandstone, Injune Group (Late Jurassic)

The site lies within the New England Fold Belt region, in the Pilliga Sandstone of the Injune Group (Late Jurassic). The unit comprises tenacious, friable, fine to very coarse-grained quartz sandstones with minor pebbly sandstones and shales, dipping gently north and persisting beyond the resource area.

Within the resource area iron content does not exceed 6% in any area of interest; the sand is ~70–80% quartz and 10–14% alumina with low clay content. Tertiary volcanics (basalt, dolerite, andesite) cap the sandstone to the south.

Regional geology

Illustrative only, not to scale. Original figures: SLR Consulting Australia Pty Ltd, Competent Person's Report, 26 November 2025 — available on request.

02 · Geological profile

Soil, free sand and two sandstone benches

Geological profile: soil 0.3 m, free sand about 8 m, upper pozzolanic sandstone about 22 m, lower pozzolanic sandstone undefined at depthSoil0.3 m · 1.4 t/m³Free sand (masonry sand)~8 m · 1.7 t/m³Upper pozzolanic sandstone~22 m · 2.4 t/m³Lower pozzolanic sandstoneUndefined at depth · 2.4 t/m³30 m — base of current resource
Schematic profile, thicknesses indicative per SLR CPR.

Geological profile

Source: SLR Consulting Australia Pty Ltd, Competent Person's Report, 26 November 2025

03 · Chemistry

Pozzolanic sandstone zone (15–60 m, 8 samples)

ALS Brisbane, Certificate BR11019867, fusion XRF, Lot 7 borehole, 4–90 m

SiO₂

65.0%

avg · range 62.6–66.8

Al₂O₃

16.1%

avg · range 13.2–18.8

Fe₂O₃

4.7%

avg · range 3.0–7.3

SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃

85.8%

avg · range 84.0–87.8

LOI

6.4%

avg · range 5.0–7.8

SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃: WPSA 85.8% vs 70% minimum oxide content for ASTM C618 Class N natural pozzolan.

WPSA (avg, 15–60 m)85.8%
ASTM C618 Class N minimum70%

Chemical criterion only; full classification also requires SO₃, fineness and strength activity testing, which form part of the current test programme.

Downhole results — Lot 7 borehole

Highlighted rows: pozzolanic sandstone zone (15–60 m).

Downhole fusion XRF results, Lot 7 borehole. Select a column header to sort.
491.704.151.650.010.040.04<0.010.332.01
693.803.331.100.040.040.03<0.010.151.42
977.6012.053.720.080.420.200.050.854.91
1566.1018.752.990.511.931.040.461.146.64
2063.5017.754.881.021.971.520.970.996.91
2662.6017.204.882.182.301.731.470.946.06
3062.8014.556.632.432.041.500.860.817.82
4266.8015.603.232.542.391.471.750.724.96
4566.8015.153.752.092.161.281.900.895.44
5166.5016.553.671.532.141.820.590.766.08
6064.8013.207.342.122.330.750.690.557.60
7251.9019.900.770.360.590.230.101.2724.57
8184.608.800.970.181.910.170.130.362.66
9080.5011.001.410.152.760.250.130.363.20

Source: ALS Brisbane, Certificate BR11019867, fusion XRF, Lot 7 borehole, 4–90 m.

04 · Exploration data

Test pits, RAB drilling and a deep borehole

  • 22 historical test pits to 15 m.
  • Rotary air blast (RAB) drilling to 30 m on ~400 m × 400 m spacing.
  • One deep borehole in Lot 7.

05 · Resource modelling

3-D geological block model in Geovia Surpac, constrained by interpreted domains with material and density attributes, validated visually and by volume reproduction. No dilution or mining-loss factors applied, as the whole rock unit is extracted. Topography from the NSW Elvis elevation system at 2 m contours.

Drillhole locations

Illustrative only, not to scale. Original figures: SLR Consulting Australia Pty Ltd, Competent Person's Report, 26 November 2025 — available on request.

06 · Conceptual pit design

Pit design parameters

Wall angle45°
Bench height — sand8 m
Bench height — sandstone15 m
Berm width10 m
Boundary buffer (screening and bunding)20 m

Conceptual pit design

Source: SLR Consulting Australia Pty Ltd, Competent Person's Report, 26 November 2025

07 · Mining method

Conventional open-pit quarrying

    01

    Vegetation clearing and soil stockpiling for rehabilitation

    02

    Overlying sand stripped by excavator/loader and stockpiled for sale

    03

    Sandstone drilled and blasted

    04

    Load and haul to primary crushing

    05

    Dispatch for secondary processing and sale

08 · Site infrastructure

Planned facilities

  • Offices and amenities
  • Workshop and equipment parking
  • Primary processing plant
  • Weighbridge
  • Electricity connection
  • Water connection

09 · Approvals & environment

Current consents and licence

Development Consent 32/97 (granted 15 April 1988; modification 33/2016 approved 12 December 2016) and Environment Protection Licence No. 20792 (issued 12 July 2016) are current.

The current licence permits up to 35,000 tonnes of finished material per 12-month period; expansion to export scale will be pursued through a State Significant Development (SSD) application supported by detailed technical assessments.

No non-compliances identified on the NSW POEO public register. Rehabilitation is provided for at A$1.00 per tonne in the financial model.

10 · Work programme

Next technical steps

Infill drilling and test pitting

Particle size distribution and source material testing

Bulk sample extraction and processing trials

Geotechnical wall-stability analysis

Flora, fauna, water and community studies

Updated resource model and CPR

SSD application